The Youngest Child Separated From His Family At The Border Was 4 Months Old [nyt] [see article for all the superb photos]

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/16/us/baby-constantine-romania-migrants.html

The Youngest Child Separated From His Family At The Border Was 4 Months Old

Baby Constantin spent five months of his first year in a foster home. His family got a painful look at America's experiment with family separation as an immigration policy.

By Caitlin Dickerson

    June 16, 2019

Leer en español
https://www.nytimes.com/es/2019/06/17/constantin-ninos-separacion-frontera/

KALAMAZOO, Mich. — The text messages were coming in all day and night with only two data points: Gender and age. With each one that arrived, the on-call caseworker at Bethany Christian Services in Michigan had 15 minutes to find a foster home for another child who was en route from the border. On a brisk winter day in February 2018, Alma Acevedo got a message that caught her breath: "4 months. Boy."

Since the summer of 2017, the 24-year-old social worker had been seeing a mysterious wave of children arriving from the border, most of them from Central America. Those who were old enough to talk said they had been separated from their parents. "The kids were just inconsolable, they'd be like, 'Where's my mommy? Where's my daddy?'" Ms. Acevedo said. "And it was just constant crying after that."

None of them had been this young, and few had come this far. When he arrived at her office after midnight, transported by two contract workers, the infant was striking, with long, curled eyelashes framing his deep brown eyes. His legs and arms were chubby, seeming to indicate that he had been cared for by someone. So why was he in Michigan?

Ms. Acevedo went to her computer and pulled up the only document that might help answer that question, a birth certificate from Romania naming the baby, Constantin Mutu, and his parents, Vasile and Florentina. She searched a federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency database that showed the baby's father was in federal custody in Pearsall, Tex.

Constantin was ultimately the youngest of thousands of children taken from their parents under a policy that was meant to deter families hoping to immigrate to the United States. It began nearly a year before the administration would acknowledge it publicly in May 2018, and the total number of those affected is still unknown. The government still has not told the Mutus why their son was taken from them, and officials from the Department of Homeland Security declined to comment for this story.

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/us/migrant-family-separation-judge.html?module=inline

In Constantin's case, it would be months before his parents saw him again. Before then, his father would be sent for psychiatric evaluation in a Texas immigration detention center because he couldn't stop crying; his mother would be hospitalized with hypertension from stress. Constantin would become attached to a middle-class American family, having spent the majority of his life in their tri-level house on a tree-lined street in rural Michigan, and then be sent home.

Now more than a year and a half old, the baby still can't walk on his own, and has not spoken.

***

Though the vast majority of families streaming across the border from Mexico in recent months have come from Central America, running from poverty, drought and violence, the Mutus came from much further away — Romania, where a small but steady number of asylum seekers fleeing ethnic persecution have for years made their way to the United States.

As children growing up in their small hillside village, Vasile and Florentina Mutu helped their parents beg for money for food. They are members of the Roma minority group, which originated in India. In Romania, the Roma were enslaved for more than 500 years. Violent attacks against them persist throughout Europe. Exclusion from schools, jobs and social services is commonplace, and human rights groups have documented the practice of forced sterilizations.

http://www.errc.org/uploads/upload_en/file/coercive-and-cruel-28-november-2016.pdf

A decade or so ago, as the Mutus recall, the first Roma family from their village announced that they were leaving for the United States. Word made its way back that the family had found great success — their children learned to speak perfect English, and they had become rich, though it wasn't clear how. Over the years, more than a dozen other families followed, including Florentina's older brother, who left a few years ago with his wife and three children. He had posted pictures on Facebook of palm trees, luxury car dealerships and American cash.

By the time their fifth child was born, the Mutus had settled into a system where they raised money elsewhere in Europe, begging and doing menial work, then came back for a few weeks at a time to Romania, where the money stretched further. They had occasional run-ins with police. Once, Mr. Mutu said, he was arrested for stealing cable from a construction site.

Though most of their children had been born at home, Constantin had to be delivered by C-section. Vasile sold two pigs and a cow to pay a doctor to do the procedure. In a haze of pain while she was in labor, Florentina signed documents that she couldn't read. When she returned to the hospital for an appointment to check on her recovery, a hospital employee told her that the doctor had also performed a tubal ligation. She and her husband had planned to have more children, as is traditional in their culture. They were devastated.

Soon after, in between middle-of-the-night feedings of Constantin and while the rest of their children slept, Vasile and Florentina formed a plan: They would try to seek asylum in the United States with their two youngest children and send for the others when they were settled.

Within weeks, the Mutus had sold their home to pay a man who would arrange to get them into America through Mexico. Florentina packed a suitcase with diapers, a change of clothes for each of them, holy oil and dried basil — a Romanian good luck charm. On the plane, Constantin started to run a fever.

Mexico City was a whirl of chaos and noise. They couldn't understand the voices or signs in Spanish. Beggars banged on the window to their taxi to ask for money; though they had done the same themselves in Europe, it somehow seemed scarier. They met a smuggler who led them to a crowded bus headed for the border.

The Mutus found seats out of sight from one another, and for the next several hours, took turns caring for Nicolas, their 4-year-old, and Constantin, who was getting warmer. As they approached the border, they got off at a stop and split up to look for medicine. Mr. Mutu had settled into the last leg of the journey on the bus when Constantin started crying on his lap. Mr. Mutu stood up, shimmying toward the back of the bus to get a bottle.He spotted the seats where his wife and son had been sitting, which were now empty.

Mr. Mutu looked around frantically and pulled out his phone to call his wife, but both of them had drained their minutes by making calls back to Romania to check in with their other children. Unsure of what else to do, he paid a cabdriver to take him and Constantin to the foot bridge into the United States, thinking that he could call his wife when they reached the other side. It was dark outside when he reached an immigration officer stationed outside the American border. He told the officer that he wanted political asylum and was taken in to be interviewed with the help of an interpreter on the phone. Mr. Mutu explained that he had lost his wife and son, and that they were fleeing persecution in Romania.

A handful of officers entered the room. They took Constantin, placed him on a chair, and shackled Mr. Mutu's hands and feet.

"The police wiped the floor with me," he said through a translator, explaining that he was dragged out of the room while Constantin stayed behind with some of the officers. "I started crying because I didn't know what to do," he said. "I couldn't speak English. I told them, 'I don't understand. Why?'"

Florentina Mutu was still at the bus stop with Nicolas, crying on a bench since she had discovered that the bus had pulled away without her, when she got a call from her mother. Border officials had reached her in Romania and explained that she would also be arrested if she crossed the border. The relatives quickly scraped together money to get them home.

***

Constantin was placed with a foster family in Michigan while Ms. Acevedo worked to connect with his parents. She got a phone number for his mother in Romania and made a video call during what was the middle of the night there. A disheveled woman answered, sitting in darkness, looking like she had just been woken up. She spoke frantically, but Ms. Acevedo couldn't understand, so she pulled up Google Translate on her computer and typed a message about Constantin in English, which she then played in Romanian.

Florentina Mutu started to sob. She repeated her full maiden name, which was listed on Constantin's birth certificate, over and over. "She said it like 20 times," Ms. Acevedo said "She said, 'Florentina Ramona Patu,' and I said 'Yes, yes, yes.' I just wanted her to know that he was somewhere. He wasn't lost or disappeared or something. I wanted her to know that he was with people."

Ms. Acevedo started making weekly video calls between Constantin and his mother, propping the baby up on the couch. Ms. Mutu would mostly cry as she spoke desperately to him in Romanian.

Vasile Mutu, still in detention, sank deeper into depression. He couldn't sleep and refused most of the food that he was offered. Occasionally he was handed documents in English or Spanish, which he couldn't read. He cried so much that his cell mates started beating him to make him be quiet. He thought about committing suicide. "No one was telling me anything. They kept telling me to wait and wait."

Two months into his detention, an immigration officer came to Mr. Mutu with an offer. As he understood it, if he gave up his claim for asylum, he would be deported back to Romania with Constantin. He agreed, and on June 3, 2018, he was released from his cell and loaded into a van.

He looked everywhere for Constantin and asked the officers where his son was, but was not given a clear answer. At the airport, he refused to board without the baby. The immigration officers, he said, told him that Constantin would be handed to him once he had taken his seat. But the plane lifted off and the baby never came.

When Mr. Mutu arrived home, it felt more like walking into a funeral than a celebration.

***

While the months dragged on waiting for his day in immigration court, Constantin settled into a routine with his foster family, in their comfortable brick house on a hilly road in rural Michigan. The family, which had started fostering immigrant children a year earlier after a life-changing experience doing missionary work in Ethiopia, asked not to be identified in this story because it would violate the terms of their contract with the federal government. Their three daughters immediately became enamored with Constantin and would argue over who could pull him out of his crib when he woke up from a nap.

The baby's foster mother meticulously documented his developments for Ms. Mutu, keeping in mind how hard it would be to miss moments like when he first scooted across the living room floor or developed the belly laugh that shook his whole body. "He would do new sounds or something, and they only do it for a short amount of time, and so you want his mom to be able to hear that," she said. "And she always wondered if he had teeth yet, and so when he would smile, you could see. So I just wanted her to see that."

She poured herself into caring for Constantin while she struggled to fathom how he had come into their home. "I can't imagine being the person who grabs a hold of a child and takes them. I don't know where you have to go in yourself to be able to do that job," she said. "If we were in that situation, I would want someone to take care of my child. I would want them in a home, in a bed. I would want someone asking them, 'What snack do you want before you go to bed at night? Do you want a pink toothbrush or a green toothbrush?'" she said. "Or rocking them in the middle of the night, helping them go back to bed when they have bad dreams."

Constantin was still in diapers when he appeared in federal immigration court in Detroit, four months to the day after he had arrived in Michigan, on June 14, 2018. During the five-minute proceeding, he babbled on his foster mother's lap as she sat on the defendant's bench. His pro bono legal representative requested that he be returned to Romania as soon as possible at government expense.

A lawyer for the Department of Homeland Security argued against the request, stating that as an "arriving alien," Constantin was not eligible for such help. The judge quickly ruled against her, questioning the idea "that the respondent should be responsible for making his own way back to Romania as an 8-month-old." The judge granted the request made on behalf of Constantin, giving the government three months to either appeal or send him home.

By the time Constantin's travel plans were booked for July — a few weeks after President Trump, facing a wave of public outrage, had rescinded the family separation policy — he was 9 months old and had spent the majority of his life in the custody of the United States government.

Florentina and Vasile Mutu didn't sleep the night before the reunion. They were standing at baggage claim at the airport in Bucharest when they finally spotted Constantin, hours behind schedule, bobbing toward them in his foster mother's arms. She handed the baby to his mother, but he screamed and reached back in the other direction, his face crumpling into a knot of terror.

The Mutus had to stop several times on their way home to console Constantin, who bucked and wailed to the point of hyperventilation. For weeks afterward, his mother struggled to get him to eat or sleep and exchanged text messages with his foster mother, who offered advice on how he liked to be cuddled and fed. In the suitcase she had packed, she included $200 in cash — the daily allowance that Bethany Christian Services's foster children receive — along with clothes, pacifiers, toys and books that Constantin liked, and his favorite blue-and-green striped blanket.

Florentina Mutu struggled with conflicting feelings of gratefulness and guilt. "He's been spoiled," she said. "He lived comfortably there, in a decent house. Not like we live here."

The Mutus, who are pursuing a claim for damages against the United States, are back in the village where they grew up, crammed temporarily into a small house they share with another family — one bathroom with no shower shared among 11 people. They bathe with cups of water warmed on the stove and keep their clothes in an attic, climbing a rickety ladder every few days in order to change them.

Constantin has acclimated slowly. He's sensitive to loud noises, and crowds make him cry, which is a problem, says his mother, because both are part of Roma culture. "He is not the same as he would be if we had raised him," she said.

At 18 months old, he still can't walk without holding onto someone's hand. He babbles and squeals, but as far as words go, she said, "He says absolutely nothing."

After Constantin's return to Romania, his foster parents took two months off from fostering to adjust to him being gone. Ms. Acevedo quit her job after all of the separated children on her caseload were reunited with their parents. "I just couldn't get over it," she said. "So if I couldn't get over it, imagine the kids."

The Mutu family has returned to traveling through Europe to earn enough money to buy a new home. In the last few months, they have lived in a trailer and picked produce in Sicily, and gone to Ukraine and Poland to rummage for secondhand clothing that they can resell — Constantin and his siblings always in tow.

Both of the parents still dream out loud about returning to the United States. "I'd have to get to Canada," Mr. Mutu said recently. "From Canada, I could take a taxi to America, and pay seven or eight or ten thousand dollars to prepare the documents that I would need."

Ms. Mutu's brother, who has since returned from Florida, said he thinks they are deluded. He hated the United States, he said; it was full of struggling immigrants and other poor people. By then, he had admitted to them that he had ended up in a cramped, three-bedroom apartment shared with several other families, struggling to make the rent. The only food he could afford to eat, he said, was worse than what they had in Romania. "The laws are very strict there," he said. "You can't even beg there."

"That's not true," Vasile Mutu shot back at the idea later. He had grown up looking at Americans — on television and now on social media — and saw their privilege not only in the way they dressed, but also how they moved and spoke, and in their expressions. The only poor people in America he saw were the ones who were detained with him at the border, hoping to get in.

Caitlin Dickerson is a national immigration reporter based in New York. Her work has focused on deportation and detention policy and the lives of immigrants. @itscaitlinhd
A version of this article appears in print on June 17, 2019, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: 4 Months Old, and Whisked Away. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe